Egyptologist Donald B. Redford believes this implied that Amenhotep IV's eventual religious policies were not conceived of before his reign, and he did not follow a pre-established plan or program. The monotheism of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament had its own separate development—one that began more than half a millennium after the pharaoh's death. When he had sought out the gods' precincts which were in ruins in this land, he refounded them just as they had been since the time of the first primeval age. But, from school, my understanding is that Joseph is Jacobs son? "; Landes 2011, pp. It tells of the Aten as a sole god and the creator of all life, who recreates life every day at sunrise, and on whom everything on Earth depends, including the natural world, people's lives, and even trade and commerce. Akhenaten caused a lot of trouble when he changed Egyptian theology over to monotheism. But these imaginary creatures are now fading away as the historical reality gradually emerges. They are either a Bildungsroman, focusing on Akhenaten's psychological and moral growth as it relates to establishing Atenism and Akhetaten, as well as his struggles against the Theban Amun cult. "J'ai Pas De Face" contient un scratch de "Pendez-les, bandez-les, descendez-les", interprété par X-Men , extrait de la compilation " Hostile Hip-Hop " avec l'aimable autorisation de [l=Hostile Records]. ", "Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibh ̆ururiyain the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text", Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family, The Long Coregency Revisited: the Tomb of Kheruef, Royal Relations, Tut's father is very likely Akhenaten. [205], Following Akhenaten's death, Egypt gradually returned to its traditional polytheistic religion, partly because of how closely associated the Aten became with Akhenaten. [82] The pharaoh chose a site about halfway between Thebes, the capital at the time, and Memphis, on the east bank of the Nile, where a wadi and a natural dip in the surrounding cliffs form a silhouette similar to the "horizon" hieroglyph. [199] In one passage, the hymn declares: "O Sole God beside whom there is none! I will list some names below, which post-date Userkaf, Djedkare Isesi (known in Greek as Tancheres) was a pharaoh, the eighth and penultimate ruler of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt in the late 25th century to mid-24th century BC. [44][49], Egyptologists know very little about Akhenaten's life as prince Amenhotep. The final stage had the Aten represented as a sun disc with sunrays like long arms terminating in human hands and the introduction of a new epithet for the god: "the great living Disc which is in jubilee, lord of heaven and earth. In the 200 years preceding Akhenaten's reign, following the expulsion of the Hyksos from Lower Egypt at the end of the Second Intermediate Period, the kingdom's influence and military might increased greatly. In this series, Akhenaten is abducted by an alien order in the 14th century BC and reappears on modern Earth seeking to restore his kingdom. [179] Meanwhile, the Aten was becoming a king itself. [239][240], Others have likened some aspects of Akhenaten's relationship with the Aten to the relationship, in Christian tradition, between Jesus Christ and God, particularly interpretations that emphasize a more monotheistic interpretation of Atenism than a henotheistic one. The pharaoh "disbanded the priesthoods of all the other gods ... and diverted the income from these [other] cults to support the Aten." Early artistic representations of her tend to be indistinguishable from her husband's except by her regalia, but soon after the move to the new capital, Nefertiti begins to be depicted with features specific to her. Le patriarche Joseph de la Bible a désormais un visage et un nom : celui d’Amenophis Fils de Hapou, le plus grand scribe et savant de l’Égypte, qui inspira Akhenaton, le pharaon monothéiste. "[154][155][156], Some Egyptologists, such as Jacobus van Dijk and Jan Assmann, believe that Akhenaten's reign and the Amarna period started a gradual decline in the Egyptian government's power and the pharaoh's standing in Egyptian's society and religious life. [194] The Aten thus became an amalgamation that incorporated the attributes and beliefs around Re-Horakhty, universal sun god, and Shu, god of the sky and manifestation of the sunlight. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. [258] The two most notable portrayals are Akenaten (1975), an unfilmed screenplay by Derek Jarman, and Akhnaten (1984), an opera by Philip Glass. [29] A secondary wife of Akhenaten named Kiya is also known from inscriptions. 1353–1336 BC. He did not immediately start redirecting worship toward the Aten and distancing himself from other gods. Under Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, Egypt was unable or unwilling to oppose the rise of the Hittites around Syria. Even though they continued to diverge, these changes brought the spoken and written language closer to one another more systematically than under previous pharaohs of the New Kingdom. The training and ascension activities of Jesheua-12 and the Blue Flame Essenes remained primarily hidden and practiced as a secret “mystery school” within Egypt at Giza and in various other locations. [33], Akhenaten could have had seven or eight children based on inscriptions. MORE: Akhenaten and Akhetaten | Monotheism Akhenaten as Despotic Ruler Consensus of the Chronology of Events in Egypt Hatshetsut and Moses The Naming of Joseph / The Funerary Art Hebrew Migrations The Ezekiel Temple and the Amarna Temple [212], Styles of art that flourished during the reigns of Akhenaten and his immediate successors, known as Amarna art, are markedly different from the traditional art of ancient Egypt. [51] Redford and James K. Hoffmeier state, however, that Ra's cult was so widespread and established throughout Egypt that Akhenaten could have been influenced by solar worship even if he did not grow up around Heliopolis. [56] It is known that Amenhotep's brother, crown prince Thutmose, served in this role before he died. This god goes where he pleases and no one else knows his going. [64], The beginning of Amenhotep IV's reign followed established pharaonic traditions. [171] During the New Kingdom, the pharaoh started to be associated with the sun disc; for example, one inscriptions called the pharaoh Hatshepsut the "female Re shining like the Disc," while Amenhotep III was described as "he who rises over every foreign land, Nebmare, the dazzling disc. [34] Among his six daughters, Meritaten was born in regnal year one or five; Meketaten in year four or six; Ankhesenpaaten, later queen of Tutankhamun, before year five or eight; Neferneferuaten Tasherit in year eight or nine; Neferneferure in year nine or ten; and Setepenre in year ten or eleven. As ancient egyptian history has a pharoah named Userkaf that Subjugates Canaan, and has 303 men sent to labour on the pyramids and construction of monuments. From wikipedia i have found out that Jacob is the same person as Israel. [12][23][24][25][26] The interest comes from his connection with Tutankhamun, the unique style and high quality of the pictorial arts he patronized, and ongoing interest in the religion he attempted to establish. [196] The hymn was discovered in the tomb of Ay, one of Akhenaten's successors, though Egyptologists believe that it could have been composed by Akhenaten himself. Once Amun had been recognized as the true king, the political power of the earthly rulers could be reduced to a minimum. I am not familiar with the bible unfortunately. Third, Amenhotep IV did not yet destroy temples to the other gods and he even continued his father's construction projects at Karnak's Precinct of Amun-Re. [203] Some of his court changed their names to remove them from the patronage of other gods and place them under that of Aten (or Ra, with whom Akhenaten equated the Aten). Marfan sufferers tend towards tallness, with a long, thin face, elongated skull, overgrown ribs, a funnel or pigeon chest, a high curved or slightly cleft palate, and larger pelvis, with enlarged thighs and spindly calves, symptoms that appear in some depictions of Akhenaten. Speaking to the royal court, scribes or the people, Amenhotep IV said that the gods were ineffective and had ceased their movements, and that their temples had collapsed. Possibilities include the celebration of the marriage of future pharaoh Ay to Tey, celebration of Akhenaten's twelve years on the throne, the summons of king Aziru of Amurru to Egypt, a military victory at Sumur in the Levant, a successful military campaign in Nubia,[123] Nefertiti's ascendancy to the throne as coregent, or the completion of the new capital city Akhetaten. You made the earth as you wished, you alone. It was most likely moved to tomb KV55 in Valley of the Kings near Thebes. The Theban Aten temples that had begun were abandoned, and a village of those working on Valley of the Kings tombs was relocated to the workers' village at Akhetaten. [193] From "Living Re-Horakhty, who rejoices in the horizon in his name Shu-Re who is in Aten," the god's name changed to "Living Re, ruler of the horizon, who rejoices in his name of Re the father who has returned as Aten," removing the Aten's connection to Re-Horakhty and Shu, two other solar deities. ._2YJDRz5rCYQfu8YdgB_neb{overflow:hidden;position:relative}._2YJDRz5rCYQfu8YdgB_neb:before{background-image:url(https://www.redditstatic.com/desktop2x/img/reddit_pattern.png);content:"";filter:var(--newCommunityTheme-invertFilter);height:100%;position:absolute;width:100%}._37WD6iicVS6vGN0RomNTwh{padding:0 12px 12px;position:relative} Egyptologists debate the exact meaning of Akhenaten, his new personal name. Evidence suggests that the troubles on the northern frontier led to difficulties in Canaan, particularly in a struggle for power between Labaya of Shechem and Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem, which required the pharaoh to intervene in the area by dispatching Medjay troops northwards. [14] Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, notably under his close successor Tutankhamun, who changed his name from Tutankhaten early in his reign. Moses was Egyptian and would be none other than Akhenaton. [54] The only person we know for certain served the prince was Parennefer, whose tomb mentions this fact. Aidan Dodson believes this to be unlikely, as no Egyptian tomb has been found that mentions or alludes to the cause of death of the tomb owner. [69] In Ramose's tomb, Amenhotep IV appears on the west wall, seated on a throne, with Ramose appearing before the pharaoh. Egyptologists only speculate as to why Amenhotep IV organized a Sed festival when he was likely still in his early twenties. [157][158] Akhenaten's religious reforms subverted the relationship ordinary Egyptians had with their gods and their pharaoh, as well as the role the pharaoh played in the relationship between the people and the gods. République du mépris feat Akhenaton (IAM) et Medine, sur "L'Empire des rêves", en écoute et en vente sur www.nailklan.com Bonne écoute et faite tournéééééééééééééé 205–13, This page was last edited on 9 April 2021, at 02:32. The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities called this "conclusive evidence" that Akhenaten shared power with his father for at least eight years, based on the dating of the tomb. [108], Only one military campaign is known for certain under Akhenaten's reign. Some of these buildings, such as the Aten temples, were ordered to be built by Akhenaten on the boundary stela decreeing the city's founding. [41], Akhenaten died after seventeen years of rule and was initially buried in a tomb in the Royal Wadi east of Akhetaten. "The Tomb of Iouiya and Touiyou" (*118*), after the discovery of the tomb in 1905. Akhenaten is sometimes called the world's first monotheist. Let my burial be made in it, in the millions of jubilees which the Aten, my father, decreed for me. Medium: Indurated limestone "[172] During the Eighteenth Dynasty, a religious hymn to the sun also appeared and became popular among Egyptians. Published: (1999) Toutankhamon dans les archives hittites by: Vergote, Joseph Published: (1961) Toutankhamon. [27] Thutmose's early death, perhaps around Amenhotep III's thirtieth regnal year, meant that Akhenaten was next in line for Egypt's throne. Aten temples continued to be torn down under Ay and Horemheb, Tutankhamun's successors and the last pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty, too. [100] Rib-Hadda would pay the ultimate price; his exile from Byblos due to a coup led by his brother Ilirabih is mentioned in one letter. He raised up their temples and created their statues. Some historians see it as evidence for Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV's coregency, and believed that Amenhotep IV's Sed festival coincided with one of his father's celebrations. Akhenaton et Moïse serait la même personne? [236][237], Freud commented on the connection between Adonai, the Egyptian Aten and the Syrian divine name of Adonis as the primeval unity of languages between the factions;[231] in this he was following the argument of Egyptologist Arthur Weigall. For example, he is the major antagonist in limited comic book series Marvel: The End (2003). Tuthmoses was given the titles King’s Son of Kush, overseer of the Gold Lands of Amun, Overseer of masons, overseer of the borderlands of His Majesty, and fan-bearer on the King's right. After his death, Akhenaten's monuments were dismantled and hidden, his statues were destroyed, and his name excluded from lists of rulers compiled by later pharaohs. Additionally, letters written to Akhenaten from foreign rulers make reference to Meritaten as "mistress of the house." Or is this wrong? The life of Akhenaten has inspired many fictional representations. while the Old Kingdom annals record that he received tribute from a region that is either the Eastern Desert or Canaan in the form of a workforce of one chieftain and 70 foreigners[102] (likely women),[93][103] as well as 303 "pacified rebels" destined to work on Userkaf's pyramid. He was born to Amenhotep III and his Chief Queen Tiye and was his father's younger son. Does really Akhenaten and Joseph close friends? Rather than acting through the pharaoh, Egyptians started to believe that the gods intervened directly in their lives, protecting the pious and punishing criminals. In his second or twelfth year,[109] Akhenaten ordered his Viceroy of Kush Tuthmose to lead a military expedition to quell a rebellion and raids on settlements on the Nile by Nubian nomadic tribes. Iufni (also Jewefni) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. [4] It is unknown how old Amenhotep IV was when he did this; estimates range from 10 to 23. Donald B. Redford has noted that some have viewed Akhenaten as a harbinger of Jesus. [16][17], Akhenaten was all but lost to history until the late 19th century discovery of Amarna, or Akhetaten, the new capital city he built for the worship of Aten. First, surviving inscriptions show Amenhotep IV worshipping several different gods, including Atum, Osiris, Anubis, Nekhbet, Hathor,[65] and the Eye of Ra, and texts from this era refer to "the gods" and "every god and every goddess." Son tombeau - … [28], Akhenaten was married to Nefertiti, his Great Royal Wife. I would however like to have known the name of that Chieftain that led 70 Canaanites to Userkaf. Here the evidence is particularly impressive, since we have six parallels with Akhenaten's hymn... occurring in the identical order, with one exception. Horemheb's successor continued in this effort. Horemheb could also have ordered that Akhetaten, Akhenaten's capital city be demolished. Press J to jump to the feed. [42][43], Some historians, such as Edward Wente and James Allen, have proposed that Akhenaten took some of his daughters as wives or sexual consorts to father a male heir. [165][158][166], Akhenaten's reforms also had a longer-term impact on Ancient Egyptian language and hastened the spread of the spoken Late Egyptian language in official writings and speeches. The worship of all gods returned, but the relationship between the gods and the worshipers became more direct and personal,[161] circumventing the pharaoh. [167] During the Amarna period, however, royal and religious texts and inscriptions, including the boundary stelae at Akhetaten or the Amarna letters, started to regularly include more vernacular linguistic elements, such as the definite article or a new possessive form. Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun in Year 2 of his reign (c. 1332 BC) and abandoned the city of Akhetaten. [119], Before the 2012 discovery of the Deir el-Bersha inscription, the last known fixed-date event in Akhenaten's reign was a royal reception in regnal year twelve, in which the pharaoh and the royal family received tributes and offerings from allied countries and vassal states at Akhetaten. [107] The Amarna letters also show that vassal states were told repeatedly to expect the arrival of the Egyptian military on their lands, and provide evidence that these troops were dispatched and arrived at their destination. [224][225][226][227], Nefertiti also appears, both beside the king and alone, or with her daughters, in actions usually reserved for a pharaoh, such as "smiting the enemy," a traditional depiction of male pharaohs. [48] Finally, various monuments, originally for Kiya, were reinscribed for Akhenaten's daughters Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten. In the fifth year of his reign, he moved the royal residence from Thebes to a new site in Middle Egypt, Akhetaten (“the horizon of Aten,” present-day Tell el-Amarna), and there ordered lavish temples to be built for Aten. [71], Around regnal year two or three, Amenhotep IV organized a Sed festival. In releasing their test results, Hawass' team identified the mummy as the father of Tutankhamun and thus "most probably" Akhenaten. There is little or no evidence to support the notion that Akhenaten was a progenitor of the full-blown monotheism that we find in the Bible. He also declared himself to be the only one who could worship the Aten, and required that all religious devotion previously exhibited toward the gods be directed toward himself. Questions remain whether the beauty of Nefertiti is portraiture or idealism.[229]. Reign: reign of Akhenaten. In Parennefer's tomb, Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti are seated on a throne with the sun disc depicted over the pharaoh and his queen. Tutankhaten and his wife Ankhesenpaaten dropped the Aten from their names and changed them to Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun, respectively. Spoken and written Egyptian diverged early on in Egyptian history and stayed different over time. [95][96][97][98], Early in his reign, Akhenaten was evidently concerned about the expanding power of the Hittite Empire under Suppiluliuma I. The pharaoh contrasted this with the only remaining god, the sun disc Aten, who continued to move and exist forever. How exalted they are. All of this is well documented. [46][47] In Akhenaten's case, his oldest daughter Meritaten is recorded as Great Royal Wife to Smenkhkare but is also listed on a box from Tutankhamun's tomb alongside pharaohs Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten as Great Royal Wife. Englund and Friedman conclude that the frequency with which Akhenaten used this term likely means that his own name meant "Effective for the Aten. Such evidence suggests that though Akhenaten shifted funding away from traditional temples, his policies were fairly tolerant until some point, perhaps a particular event as yet unknown, toward the end of the reign. A copy of the speech survives on one of the pylons at the Karnak Temple Complex near Thebes. Cyril Aldred, based on Amarna letters describing Egyptian troop movements, proposed that Akhenaten launched an unsuccessful war around the city of Gezer, while Marc Gabolde argued for an unsuccessful campaign around Kadesh. [175] Additionally, near the Temple of Karnak, Amun-Ra's great cult center, Amenhotep IV erected several massive buildings including temples to the Aten. Geography: From Egypt, Middle Egypt, Amarna (Akhetaten), Great Temple of the Aten, pit outside southern wall, Petrie/Carter excavations, 1891–92. ("Lettre Aux Hirondelles" contains a sample of "Said et Mohamed" performed by [a=Francis Cabrel] courtesy of [l=Chandelle Productions]). The victory was commemorated on two stelae, one discovered at Amada and another at Buhen. These historians believe "Aten" should rather be "Jāti," thus rendering the pharaoh's name Akhenjāti or Aḫanjāti (pronounced /ˌækəˈnjɑːtɪ/), as it could have been pronounced in Ancient Egypt. [231][232][233][234][235] One of the first to mention this was Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, in his book Moses and Monotheism. [192] Aten's name was also written differently starting as early as Year Eight or as late as Year Fourteen, according to some historians. [59][60], Most recently, in 2014, archaeologists found both pharaohs' names inscribed on the wall of the Luxor tomb of vizier Amenhotep-Huy. Iuhetibu Fendy (also written Jewhetibew Fendy[1]) was an ancient Egyptian princess of the Thirteenth Dynasty. Smenkhkare could have been Akhenaten's son or brother, as the son of Amenhotep III with Tiye or Sitamun. [128] Regardless of its origin, the epidemic might account for several deaths in the royal family that occurred in the last five years of Akhenaten's reign, including those of his daughters Meketaten, Neferneferure, and Setepenre. One of the most important turning points in the early reign of Amenhotep IV is a speech given by the pharaoh at the beginning of his second regnal year. [177][178] The Theban buildings were later dismantled by his successors and used as infill for new constructions in the Temple of Karnak; when they were later dismantled by archaeologists, some 36,000 decorated blocks from the original Aten building here were revealed that preserve many elements of the original relief scenes and inscriptions.[179]. Though some of those components were likely already in use amongst the women that got sent to Userkaf. I however find this amazing. Egyptologists hold this view because Yuya had strong connections to the city of Akhmin in Upper Egypt. However it would seem that there was certain evidence of Asiatic components mixing with those of ancient egyptian. [231] Basing his arguments on his belief that the Exodus story was historical, Freud argued that Moses had been an Atenist priest who was forced to leave Egypt with his followers after Akhenaten's death. However, some signs already pointed to the growing importance of the Aten. [67] He decorated the walls of the precinct's Third Pylon with images of himself worshipping Ra-Horakhty, portrayed in the god's traditional form of a falcon-headed man. Egyptologists, such as Aidan Dodson, consider this year twelve celebration to be the zenith of Akhenaten's reign. Components such as Jew and Hebrew, that appear to have evolved in peoples names. [252] However, DNA tests on Tutankhamun in 2010 proved negative for Marfan syndrome. [187], By Year Nine of his reign, Akhenaten declared that Aten was not merely the supreme god, but the only worshipable god. [15] When some dozen years later rulers without clear rights of succession from the Eighteenth Dynasty founded a new dynasty, they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors, referring to Akhenaten himself as "the enemy" or "that criminal" in archival records. The word "akh" (Ancient Egyptian: ꜣḫ) could have different translations, such as "satisfied," "effective spirit," or "serviceable to," and thus Akhenaten's name could be translated to mean "Aten is satisfied," "Effective spirit of the Aten," or "Serviceable to the Aten," respectively. [222] Akhenaten claimed the title "The Unique One of Re", and he may have directed his artists to contrast him with the common people through a radical departure from the idealized traditional pharaoh image. Period: New Kingdom, Amarna Period. "[105][106] Indeed, several letters from Egyptian vassals notified the pharaoh that they have followed his instructions, implying that the pharaoh sent such instructions. "[104] Others noted that the Amarna letters counter the conventional view that Akhenaten neglected Egypt's foreign territories in favour of his internal reforms. According to inscriptions on one boundary stela, the site was appropriate for Aten's city for "not being the property of a god, nor being the property of a goddess, nor being the property of a ruler, nor being the property of a female ruler, nor being the property of any people able to lay claim to it. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The diplomatic correspondence comprises clay tablet messages between Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun, various subjects through Egyptian military outposts, rulers of vassal states, and the foreign rulers of Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, Canaan, Alashiya, Arzawa, Mitanni, and the Hittites. The event Egyptologists know the most about during Akhenaten's life are connected with founding Akhetaten, as several so-called boundary stelae were found around the city to mark its boundary. [238], There are strong similarities between Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten and the Biblical Psalm 104; however, there has been some debate as to whether the similarities reflect direct or indirect borrowing. [249], Burridge[250] suggested that Akhenaten may have suffered from Marfan syndrome, which, unlike Frölich's, does not result in mental impairment or sterility. Rib-Hadda wrote a total of 60 letters to Akhenaten pleading for aid from the pharaoh. [135] Egyptologist Aidan Dodson proposed that both Smenkhkare and Neferiti were Akhenaten's coregents to ensure the Amarna family's continued rule when Egypt was confronted with an epidemic. When Rib-Hadda appealed in vain for aid from Akhenaten and then turned to Aziru, his sworn enemy, to place him back on the throne of his city, Aziru promptly had him dispatched to the king of Sidon, where Rib-Hadda was almost certainly executed. And Jacob led 70 Canaanites to Egypt? National Geographic 09. [74][75][76][77], Amenhotep IV changed his royal titulary to show his devotion to the Aten. Only his most loyal subjects followed Akhenaten and his family to the new city. A group of Egypt's allies who attempted to rebel against the Hittites were captured, and wrote letters begging Akhenaten for troops, but he did not respond to most of their pleas. "After all, Akhenaten did call himself the son of the sole god: 'Thine only son that came forth from thy body'. "[164] Consequently, the influence and power of the Amun priesthood continued to grow until the Twenty-first Dynasty, c. 1077 BC, by which time the High Priests of Amun effectively became rulers over parts of Egypt. Akhenaten claimed to be the only one who had access to Aten, thus making an interceding priesthood unnecessary. [4] These years are poorly attested and only a few pieces of contemporary evidence survive; the lack of clarity makes reconstructing the latter part of the pharaoh's reign "a daunting task" and a controversial and contested topic of discussion among Egyptologists. Regardless of the celebration's aim, Egyptologists believe that during the festivities Amenhotep IV only made offerings to the Aten rather than the many gods and goddesses, as was customary. We believe it is Sakkara to which they came -- where the remains of this fantastic complex are preserved. [70] He also ordered the construction of a large temple complex dedicated to the Aten at Karnak in Thebes, northeast of the parts of the Karnak complex dedicated to Amun. The revised inscriptions list a Meritaten-tasherit ("junior") and an Ankhesenpaaten-tasherit. [79][80][81], "Crowned in Heliopolis of the South" (Thebes), Around the same time he changed his royal titulary, on the thirteenth day of the growing season's fourth month, Akhenaten decreed that a new capital city be built: Akhetaten (Ancient Egyptian: ꜣḫt-jtn, meaning "Horizon of the Aten"), better known today as Amarna. While Nefertiti's familial relationship with Akhenaten is known, whether Akhenaten and Smenkhkare were related by blood is unclear. For example, inscriptions in the Theban tomb of Parennefer from the early rule of Amenhotep IV state that "one measures the payments to every (other) god with a level measure, but for the Aten one measures so that it overflows," indicating a more favorable attitude to the cult of Aten than the other gods. Akhenaten's rediscovery and Flinders Petrie's early excavations at Amarna sparked great public interest in the pharaoh and his queen Nefertiti. ._3gbb_EMFXxTYrxDZ2kusIp{margin-bottom:24px;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%}._3gbb_EMFXxTYrxDZ2kusIp:last-child{margin-bottom:10px} [195], Akhenaten's Atenist beliefs are best distilled in the Great Hymn to the Aten. He has been described as "enigmatic", "mysterious", "revolutionary", "the greatest idealist of the world", and "the first individual in history", but also as a "heretic", "fanatic", "possibly insane", and "mad". Tuthmoses was the Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Akhenaten. [251] Marfan syndrome is a dominant characteristic, which means sufferers have a 50% chance of passing it on to their children. Others contend that he was born at Memphis, where growing up he was influenced by the worship of the sun god Ra practiced at nearby Heliopolis. AKHENATON (or Akhenaten) was the tenth pharaoh of Egypt's eighteenth dynasty (c. 1352 – 1336 bce) and the founder of the earliest historically documented monotheistic religion. [208][209], Over time, however, Akhenaten's successors, starting with Tutankhaten, took steps to distance themselves from Atenism. Egypt, Trunk of the Tree, Volume I, The Contexts, Volume II, The Consequences, Algora Publishing, New York, 2003 and 2004. All things concerning Ancient Egyptian archaeological developments, art, culture, history, or appreciation. The pharaohs seemed to eschew military confrontation at a time when the balance of power between Egypt's neighbors and rivals was shifting, and the Hittites, a confrontational state, overtook the Mitanni in influence.