[381][382][383], Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. [226][227] Many judgments are related to cases such as civilian deaths in aerial bombardments,[238] torturing,[239] forced displacements,[240] destroyed villages,[241][242][243] arbitrary arrests,[244] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians. [430] The 1942-44 wealth tax for non-Muslims, the emigration of a portion of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the ongoing Cyprus dispute, which damaged relations between Turkish Muslims and Christians (culminating in the Istanbul pogrom of 6–7 September 1955), were other important events that contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population. The young Turkish artists sent to Europe in 1926 came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism, Cubism and even Expressionism, still very influential in Europe. The papers submitted at the symposia presented the history of Turkish cuisine on a "historical continuum" that dated back to Turkic origins in Central Asia and continued through the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. [139] The Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. The first major empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th century BC. Most of Turkey is geographically located within the continent of Asia. The slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway. [13] Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family:[40] and, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. However, negotiations for solving the Cyprus dispute are still ongoing between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot political leaders.[108]. [341], As of 2018[update] Turkey consumes 1700 terawatt hours (TW/h) of primary energy per year, a little over 20 megawatt hours (MW/h) per person, mostly from imported fossil fuels. May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest.[282]. The CIA World Factbook reports that Islam is the religion of 99.8% of the population, with Sunni Muslims as the largest sect, while 0.2% are Christians and Jews. Executive power is exercised by the President, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, called the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. [168][174], The EU – Turkey Customs Union in 1995 led to an extensive liberalisation of tariff rates, and forms one of the most important pillars of Turkey's foreign trade policy. In the 21st century some reforms have taken place to improve the cultural rights of ethnic minorities in Turkey, such as the establishment of TRT Kurdî, TRT Arabi and TRT Avaz by the TRT. [397] However, there are no official governmental statistics specifying the religious beliefs of the Turkish people, nor is religious data recorded in the country's census. [369][original research?] [264] Turkey is the world's 37th-largest country in terms of area. Les principales industries du pays sont les textiles, la transformation des aliments, l’industrie automobile, l’électronique, le tourisme, l’extraction minière de l’acier, le pétrole, le bois et le papier. [citation needed] The first state that was called Armenia by neighbouring peoples was the state of the Armenian Orontid dynasty, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC. The North Anatolian Fault Line runs across the north of the country from west to east, along which major earthquakes took place in history. [143], Supporters of Atatürk's reforms are called Kemalists, as distinguished from Islamists, representing the two diverging views regarding the role of religion in legislation, education and public life. The Tanzimat reforms introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. [73] The Ottoman wars with Persia continued as the Zand, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties succeeded the Safavids in Iran, until the first half of the 19th century. Will 5G Impact Our Cell Phone Plans (or Our Health?! Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, some Kurdish and Zaza tribes, which were feudal (manorial) communities led by chieftains (agha) during the Ottoman period, became discontent about certain aspects of Atatürk's reforms aiming to modernise the country, such as secularism (the Sheikh Said rebellion, 1925)[100] and land reform (the Dersim rebellion, 1937–1938),[101] and staged armed revolts that were put down with military operations. Topkapı Palace in Istanbul is one of the most famous examples of classical Ottoman architecture and was the primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years. [399] For many decades, the wearing of the hijab was banned in schools and government buildings because it was viewed as a symbol of political Islam. [282] The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. [515] Edirne Province has hosted the annual Kırkpınar oil wrestling tournament since 1361, making it the oldest continuously held sporting competition in the world. [340] According to Twitter's transparency report, Turkey is the global leader in social media censorship. [471] The miniatures were usually not signed, perhaps because of the rejection of individualism, but also because the works were not created entirely by one person; the head painter designed the composition of the scene, and his apprentices drew the contours (which were called tahrir) with black or colored ink and then painted the miniature without creating an illusion of depth. [339] Turkish government has constantly blocked websites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Wikipedia. [117] Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I. The European section of Turkey, also known as East Thrace (Turkish: Trakya) is located at the easternmost edge the Balkan peninsula. East Thrace, the part of Turkey in Europe, is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporusand the Dardanelles(collectively called the Turkish Straits). The centralised structure of decision-making in Ankara is stated by some academics as an impediment to good local governance,[129][130] and occasionally causes resentment in the municipalities of urban centres that are inhabited largely by ethnic minority groups, such as the Kurds. Elle possède des frontières avec la Grèce, la Bulgarie, la Géorgie, l’ Arménie, l’ Azerbaïdjan (Nakhitchevan), l’ Iran… The driest regions are the Konya Plain and the Malatya Plain, where annual rainfall is often less than 300 millimetres (12 inches). [203][204] In 2020, Turkey openly intervened in Libya at the request of the GNA. La majorité des 227 îles habitées du pays sont plus proches de la Turquie que de son continent. The Final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won by Galatasaray. [412] Some have also complained that under the Islamist government of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and Tayyip Erdoğan, the old role of the Diyanet – maintaining control over the religious sphere of Islam in Turkey – has "largely been turned on its head. [52], All of modern-day Turkey was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire during the 6th century BC. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper. The Asian part of the country mostly consists of the peninsula of Anatolia, which consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. [131][132][133] Steps towards decentralisation[when?] In line with the aforementioned article of the Turkish Constitution and related laws, the court system in Turkey can be classified under three main categories; which are the Judicial Courts, Administrative Courts and Military Courts. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920). La partie européenne de la Turquie est située à l'ouest du détroit du Bosphore et du détroit des Dardanelles. Each province is divided into districts (ilçe), for a total of 973 districts. [336] The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, the second longest oil pipeline in the world, was inaugurated on 10 May 2005. [415], Academics suggest the Alevi population may be from 15 to 20 million, while the Alevi-Bektaşi Federation states that there are around 25 million. The western portion of the Armenian highland is located in eastern Turkey;[268] this region contains Mount Ararat, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet),[269] and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country. [528] As of December 2016, at least 81 journalists were imprisoned in Turkey and more than 100 news outlets were closed. He was the chief architect of at least 374 buildings which were constructed in various provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.[485]. [388] Endangered languages in Turkey include Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Cappadocian Greek, Gagauz, Hértevin, Homshetsma, Kabard-Cherkes, Ladino (Judesmo), Laz, Mlahso, Pontic Greek, Romani, Suret, Turoyo, Ubykh, and Western Armenian. [208] The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President. 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[218] In recent years, Turkey has assisted Peshmerga forces in northern Iraq and the Somali Armed Forces with security and training. Saint Peter founded one of the first churches in Antioch (Antakya), the location of which is regarded by tradition as the spot where he first preached the Gospel, and where the followers of Jesus were called Christians for the first time. According to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011,[356] nearly three-quarters of whom lived in towns and cities. 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