The flag is clearly visible and held correctly, since in the same article At the center there is a black circle By 1970, oil revenues amounted to $16 million and were expected to rise to $32–50 million by 1972. disclaimer and copyright | [19][20], According to the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Cabinda is under military occupation,[21] reinforced in recent times by Angolan forces. in order to achieve full independence, eventually delayed for a couple Inside the circle there is a green Cabinda was a separate Portuguese protectorate In August 1974, FLEC absorbed the Democratic Union of Cabindan Peoples and the Democratic Party of Cabinda, becoming the sole political organisation in Cabinda. of years until the Angolans "get comfortable" with the situation, so to 17 June 2003, Angolan security forces murdered two civilians in the Buco-Zau district. and talk about "Enclave" and not "Estado" and that there which wanted elections, and independence on 11 November 1975, together with In May 2000, FLEC-FAC kidnapped three foreign and one local employee of a Portuguese contractor who were released in two months. [4][5][6], In 1956, oil was first discovered in the region; by 1966, Gulf Oil Company began commercial exploitation. [13], On 18 July 2006, the Cabinda Forum for Dialogue (FCD) and FLEC-Renovada led by António Bento Bembe signed a second definite cease fire with the Angolan government known as the Memorandum of Understanding for Peace in Cabinda. 29 November 2003, a total of 1,000 former FLEC fighters and their relatives were officially integrated into the Angolan army, police force and civil society. The report indicates that between September 2007 and March 2009, 38 people were arbitrary detained, tortured, humiliated and later put on trial for alleged security crimes. part of Angola, while Zaire and Angola. After that it stayed Angolan, as far as I know. 11 November 1998, an Angolan army shelling killed 7 civilians and wounded 19 others. movements; FLEC had its main seat in Kinshasa till 1975. Members of the group have taken several foreign citizens hostage in Cabinda. [13][14][15], In January 1975 under pressure from Angolan liberation movements, Portugal accepted Cabinda as part of Angola in the Alvor Agreement where the 3 Angolan independence movements (MPLA, UNITA and FNLA) were present, denying Cabinda the right to self-determination previously granted by the U.N. Chart/Right to Self-determination and the Treaty of Simulambuco. 24 December 2003, FLEC conducted an ambush in the Buco-Zau district, killing 3 security personnel and 3 civilians. A guy from one of the FLECs (I think the FAC but I'm not sure) in Cabinda Links: FOTW homepage | Le président fondateur est Luis de Gonzague Ranque Franque. The arrested included six members of the Angolan military who were charged with desertion and carrying out armed attacks, as well as a former Voice of America journalist, known for his criticism of the government. But when the same pattern is repeated why they ceased to talk about a state (if they ever talked about it), presumably Le Commandant Antonio Luis Lopes est l'actuel Président du Front de Libération de l'Eta… [citation needed], In December 2002, Angolan Armed Forces announced the capture of FLEC-Renovada. The FLEC fights the Cabinda War in the region occupied by the former kingdoms of Kakongo, Loango and N'Goyo. Formerly under Portuguese administration, with the independence of Angola from Portugal in 1975, the territory became an exclave province of the newly independent Angola. [citation needed]. Reports by Freedom House, Bertelsmann Stiftung and Human Rights Watch also pointed out at violations committed by FLEC.[41]. Thanh-Tâm Lê, 04 March 1999 First question: I don't know, but I don't think so. The People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola quickly gained control of the urban areas while FLEC controlled the countryside. In 1963, MLEC, ALLIAMA and CAUNC merged into the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), which had since been the largest self-determination movement in the region. Both the the Coat of Arms with an "upright" star and said he had seen that design on FLEC stated clearly "Frente de Libertação do Enclave de This has been criticised by some Cabindan groups. The marginalisation of the local population in favor of Portuguese and later Angolan interests played an important role in the rise of separatist militancy in the region. 30 October 2002, FLEC-FAC guerrillas captured the biggest military base in Cabinda known as Kungo Shonzo, located 100 kilometers northeast of the city of Cabinda. mirrors, Does any country in the world recognize Cabinda as an independent nation? The independence movements of Angola saw Cabinda always as an integral triangle and the star touch the circle. the enclave and negotiations should begin with the Portuguese government 27 March 2009, FLEC-FAC rebels attacked a convoy of three Chinese owned trucks in the outskirts of. 3 March 2008, FLEC separatists killed three FAA soldiers in the city of Cabinda. Cabinda is an exclave and province of Angola, a status that has been disputed by several political organizations in the territory. it's factions), lead me to the assumption that even within the movements [citation needed], The original FLEC was re-formed in the 1990s, and two factions were created; FLEC-Renovada, whose flag was white with a central stripe divided into three colors (green, yellow and black, with a red ring in the center of the flag), and FLEC-Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC, Forças Armadas de Cabinda), using the original red, yellow, and blue flag, with emblem. 8 June 2003, 7 FLEC-FAC commanders including chief of staff Francisco Luemba surrendered to Angolan authorities. horizontal with the old symbol in the center. We don't have anything to do with the Togolese and we present our condolences to the African families and the Togo government. In July 1975 Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, attack on the Togo national football team, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, "Angola: Information on an anti-government group called Frente Liberaccion d'Enclave Cabinda (FLEC)", "RUMORED FRENCH AID TO CABINDA LIBERATION MOVEMENT", "Datas principais relacionadas com Cabinda", "Castro in Africa: Cuba's Operation Carlotta, 1975", "G3/S3 – ANGOLA/SECURITY – Angola FLEC leaders call off war in Cabinda", "CABINDAN NATIONALISM AND THE POSSIBLE NEED FOR A U.S. POLICY DECISION", "CABINDA SITUATION/ FNLA & UNITA REPORTED IN BENGUELA AND LOBITO", "ANGOLA – SECOND, "DEFINITIVE" CEASE-FIRE SIGNED IN CABINDA", "ANGOLA – GRA READY TO SIGN PEACE ACCORD IN CABINDA", UNPO Resolution Concerning the Cabinda Enclave, "Angola mantém presença militar reforçada em Cabinda", "Togo footballers were attacked by mistake, Angolan rebels say", AfricaReview – Angola's Cabinda rebels to 'lay down arms', "FLEC-FAC confirma ocupação da principal base militar de Cabinda", "Cabinda: 52 Flec-Fac Rebels Presented To Press", "Cabinda: Ex-FLEC Soldiers Join National Police", "CABINDA: SECURITY INCIDENT PROVOKES STERN REACTIONS", "Re: ANALYSIS FOR EDIT – ANGOLA – FLEC Still Causing Problems in Cabinda", "Fwd: [Africa] ANGOLA/DRC- FLEC assassinations", "Attacks on cargo and military in Angola's Cabinda exclave more likely, but low risk to energy assets", Rebels say kill nine Angolan soldiers in oil-rich Cabinda enclave, More African Freedom Fighters Join COVID-19 Cease Fire, Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present), Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present), Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present), Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present), Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018), Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinda_War&oldid=977765404, Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa, Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Ceasefire declared by FLEC-Renovada in August 2006. several times, and no contrary usage has been found, it seems to leave be taken as certain. 2–26 March 2011, Angolan secret services carried out a number of assassinations targeting FLEC commanders. The Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda-Exercito de Cabinda (FLEC) claims sovereignty from Angola and proclaimed the Republic of Cabinda as an independent country in 1975. [7][16][17], In the course of the Angolan Civil War, FLEC split into five independent factions. 18–22 November 1995, the Cabinda Democratic Front and the Angolan government held talks in. The above are considered to be a violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. speak. (by our standards), and the photo found by Jaume and the website pointed Because star in the flag was upside down it was assumed that flag was seen Candeias is absolutely right. tricolor of red, yellow, dark blue. The agreement assured Cabinda's status as a part of Angola, provided special economic status and local governance powers to Cabinda, and condemned further acts of insurgency and separatism. Jarig Bakker, 04 March 1999, I have a photograph taken from an article in a Portuguese magazine of On 1 August 1975, FLEC president Luis Ranque Franque announced the formation of the Republic of Cabinda, an independent state. 30 March 2020, inspired by a call from the Organization of Emerging African States and a similar move by, This page was last edited on 10 September 2020, at 21:02. 23 January 1996, FLEC guerrillas abducted 3 mining workers. to by Jarig clearly show that the red/yellow/blue is in use. The provisional Cabindan government, led by the FLEC, was overturned. 21 April 1990, FLEC perpetrated a grenade attack on a market in the city of. The MPLA troops controlling the region at the time ignored the statement. ", Official Government of Republic of Cabinda website, Incidents attributed to FLEC on the START terrorism database, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Front_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Enclave_of_Cabinda&oldid=973550906, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt), Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 17 August 2020, at 21:09. until either the late 19th century or the early 20th century, after which basis. upside down (but now we know that this is wrong). On 8 January 2010, while being escorted by Angolan forces through the disputed territory of Cabinda, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen as it travelled to 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament. 8 January 1998, FAA suffered 24 combat casualties as a result of fighting with FLEC. in strategy by the independentists. Ce site a été crée pour dénoncer le Drame que vit le Peuple Cabindais sous l'occupation des soldats angolais du MPLA depuis 1975.Le Cabinda est un protectorat portugais depuis le 1er février 1885. [3][8] May 2016, rebels boarded an offshore oil rig and threatened the workers there. France has also been involved in the Angolagate arms deal scandal which involved illicit weapons sales to Angola during the 27-year civil war. The above did not stop UNITA from occasionally collaborating with MPLA in anti-FLEC operations. FLEC aims at the restoration of the self-proclaimed Republic of Cabinda, located within the borders of the Cabinda province of Angola. The area of modern-day Cabinda was first explored by navigator Diogo Cão in 1483, later falling under Portuguese influence. [citation needed], Although these special ties between French intelligence services and FLEC started during the Cold War to counter Cuban-backed MPLA government in Angola, they continued on even after the war was over. 11–14 June 1977, fire was exchanged between FLEC fighters and government forces leading to several casualties. 4 October 1998, a FAA offensive in Cabinda resulted in the combined deaths of 200 people. [6], On the same year, the Organisation of African Unity declared that Cabinda is an independently governed state with its own independence movement. the flag upside down. government under Henrique Thiago in Sanda-Massala. The French oil giant Total which made a new offshore oil discovery in October 2009, has been expanding its presence in Angola. In the 1980s FLEC received help from the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which opposed the MPLA-controlled government of Angola, and from South Africa. 26 March 1997, 2 FLEC-FAC militants and 27 soldiers were killed as fighting erupted in northeastern Cabinda. 25–28 July 2016, FLEC claimed to have killed nine Angolan soldiers and wounded another 14. FLEC adopted a flag with horizontal red, yellow and blue bands—one color for each of the groups. question is Stuart Notholt's 1996 report, where he referred to a flag having The Fischer Weltalmanach (1978) mentions a new FLEC-provisional The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Portuguese: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda, FLEC) is a guerrilla and political movement fighting for the independence of the Angolan province of Cabinda. 20 September 1990, FLEC-N'zita rebels kidnapped 2 Portuguese Mota e Companhia Limitada employees, they were released two months later. One of these leaders, Henrique N'zita Tiago resides in Paris while another, Rodrigues Mingas, has been reportedly using a French cell phone although he claimed he still lived in Cabinda. it is in the same position as the one in the flag. withdraw from Cabinda, the Portuguese presence should be reinstated in On 10 January 1967, FLEC formed a government in exile based in the town of Tshela, Zaire. [24], International intervention in the conflict has been limited, with Portugal offering a mediation role and letting the FLEC rule a delegation in Lisbon. So, since Cabinda was already a part of Angola, there where never In 2002, the Angolan government signed a peace deal with UNITA officially ending the civil war. The only question remaining is one asked a number of times already- Does any country in the world recognize Cabinda as an independent nation?Wasn't it supposed to become one in 1975? in the ground fly only one of the two flags of the liberation movements [22] This was especially true after the Togo national football team was attacked by the FLEC, when Angola was hosting the 2010 African Cup of Nations. The National Action Committee of the Cabindan People (CAUNC) and the Mayombé Alliance (ALLIAMA) joined the growing political scene in the same year. literature. 22 May 1981, an Angolan court sentenced 6 people to death for belonging to FLEC. For the China Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, see, Shillington K., Encyclopedia of African history, Volume 1, p197, Maritime law enforcement agencies in China, Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, Action Committee of the Cabinda National Union, People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements, UNPO Resolution Concerning the Cabinda Enclave, "Togo footballers were attacked by mistake, Angolan rebels say", "Togo Bus Rampage Exposes France's Angola Ties", "Portugal to hand over Cabinda separatist leaders? In 1853 a delegation of Cabindan chiefs unsuccessfully requested the extension of Portuguese administration from the colony of Angola to Cabinda. They are trying to involve Portugal It was red-yellow-blue, [citation needed], FLEC broke into three factions; FLEC-Ranque Franque, FLEC-N'Zita, led by Henrique N'zita Tiago, and FLEC-Lubota, led by Francisco Xavier Lubota. independent, getting (back?) in 1997 did, obviously to show it to the camera. Oil continued to play an important role; by 2011 it represented approximately 86% of the Angolan state’s total earnings. [5] In March 2001, FLEC-Renovada kidnapped five Portuguese employees of a construction company who were then released three months later. but still a Portuguese protectorate, since the treaty of Simulambuco was In 1963, three organizations — the Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (MLEC), Action Committee of the Cabinda National Union (CAUNC), and the Mayombe National Alliance (ALLIAMA) — merged to form the FLEC. The Cabinda War is an ongoing separatist insurgency, waged by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) against the government of Angola. Associação dos Ressortissants do Enclave de Cabinda (AREC) was founded in 1959 as humanitarian organisation, AREC was renamed into Freedom Movement for the State of Cabinda (MLEC), shifting its role into a political movement promoting self-determination. During the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), the nationalist movements of Cabinda fought against the Portuguese Armed Forces. Wasn't it supposed to become one in 1975? Jaume Ollé, 5 Apr 2001, When it was a question of only one photo and one Coat of Arms which might have the colonial administration integrated it in Angola. 18 April 2002, 12 soldiers were killed in the aftermath of clashes with FLEC. gave independence to its African colonies, it was done in a colony by colony On 18 July 2006, the Cabinda Forum for Dialogue (FCD) and FLEC-Renovada led by, 10 September 2007, António Bento Bembe was appointed to the post of. Rodrigues Mingas, secretary general of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Military Position (Flec-PM), said his fighters had meant to attack security guards as the convoy passed through Cabinda. [citation needed]. [4], The MLEC flag was yellow with a seal in the center showing the Mayombe. The only citation of primary evidence I know of on that [7] According to Angolan media, France and Portugal will allow extradition of leaders of the separatist movement in the wake of the 2010 attacks on Togo's football team for which FLEC claimed the responsibility. Second question: No. The province is divided into four municipalities—Belize, Buco-Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo. 300–7,000 in total (1975)[citation needed] 500 (FLEC-Renovada) (1991). write us | The FLEC fights the Cabinda War in the region occupied by the former kingdoms of Kakongo, Loango and N'Goyo. as reported by Jorge and Jaume, proving them right. Chris Kretowicz, 04 Apr 2001, Frente de Libertação do an upright star? 7 June 1991, FLEC appealed to the Angolan government, calling for a referendum on Cabinda's autonomy status. 9 July 2010, Henrique N'zita Tiago stated that FLEC will discontinue its armed struggle and offered to restart peace talks, FLEC Renovada commander. The country is the second largest contributor for production of Total after Nigeria. In 1974-75, when Portugal The treaty received criticism from Bembe's opponents within the movement. Estado de Cabinda. seemingly 2:3. Vive le Cabinda libre, vive le FLEC ! In the 1990s another faction, the National Union for the Liberation of Cabinda (União Nacional de Libertação de Cabinda), led by Lumingu Luís Gimby, was created. 11 December 2007, 95 former FLEC insurgents joined the ranks of the 11th Unit of the Riot Police, the event was part of the 18 July 2006 peace deal. Then Flag Bulletin reported In 1974-75, when Portugalgave independence to its African colonies, it was done in a colony by colonybasis. The large amounts of revenue generated by oil royalties contributed to the rise of Cabinda's geopolitical significance. [citation needed], Another group was created by Cabindese expatriates in the Netherlands in 1996, the Frente de Libertação do Estado de Cabinda" (FLEC (Lopes), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda). search | In October 2006 FLEC-FAC asked for intervention by the African Union's Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. On February 1, 1885, the Treaty of Simulambuco was signed, establishing Cabinda as a Portuguese protectorate. According to U.S. intelligence services, France and Belgium allegedly supported FLEC by providing training and financial aid, despite the fact that Zaire remained FLEC's main foreign supporter. 8 November 1975, FLEC initiated its armed struggle, aiming at creating a separate Cabindan state. [citation needed], France has a big interest in Angola. Last modified: 2017-11-11 by bruce berry [38][39][40] 24 November 1998, 11 FAA personnel lost their lives in an attack by FLEC. 1 April 2009, an army patrol came under attack by suspected militants in the area of Cacongo. In June 1979 the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Cabinda created another movement, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Cabinda (MPLC, Movimento Popular de Libertação de Cabinda). oil. This "enclave" and not "estado" thing can also be connected with a change a "Republic of Cabinda" on this site. The event took place in Macabi, Cabinda. This group adopted a blue, yellow and black flag with the Silambuco monument in the center. 14 June 1999, FLEC targeted the village of Bulo, slaying 4 civilians and injuring 6 others. In 1975 FLEC constituted a provisional government spearheaded by Henriques Tiago that proclaimed Cabindan independence from Portugal on August 1, 1975. This is possibly 25 April 1990, FLEC-N'zita militants abducted 4 French and 4 Congolese. been based on that photo, it did not seem unreasonable to speculate that 8 November 2010, FLEC militants ambushed a convoy carrying Chinese workers, 2 Angolan soldiers were killed in the incident. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Portuguese: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda, FLEC) is a guerrilla and political movement fighting for the independence of the Angolan province of Cabinda. [6][13], The first Cabindan separatist movement known as Associação dos Indígenas do Enclave de Cabinda (AlEC) was formed in 1956, AIEC advocated the creation of a union between Cabinda and Belgian Congo or French Congo. [citation needed], An offshoot of the FLEC claimed responsibility. 29 September 1995, FLEC-Renovada signed a four-month cease-fire with the Angolan government. [2][3] A monument was built by colonial authorities in 1956 at exact place where treaty was signed in 1885, 5 km north of Cabinda city. "This attack was not aimed at the Togolese players but at the Angolan forces at the head of the convoy," Mingas told France 24 television. 11 December 1996, an engagement between FAA and FLEC lead to the deaths of 29 people. It has an area of 7,290 km2 and a population of 716,076 at the 2014 census; the latest official estimate is 824,143. a provisional revolutionary government (president: Luis Ranque Franque, Modern Cabinda is the result of a fusion of three kingdoms: N'Goyo, Loango and Kakongo. Cabinda was a separate Portuguese protectorateuntil either the late 19th century or the early 20th century, after whichthe colonial administration integrated it in Angola. We are fighting for the total liberation of Cabinda."[6]. a member of a FLEC guerilla group, showing a flag to the photographer. France has been criticized for an ongoing paternalistic policy of Françafrique, a network of unofficial political and commercial engagements with political and business leaders in Africa for various economic gains. Therefore, they say, the Angolan army should Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. FAC doesn't change: "Forças Armadas de Cabinda" - Cabinda Armed [8], "FLEC" redirects here. The capital city is also called Cabinda. On 8 November 1975, FLEC responded by initiating armed struggle, aiming at creating a separate Cabindan state. Exactly as the flag I reported into FLEC-Renovada (FLEC-R), FLEC-N'Zita, FLEC-Lubota, União Nacional de Libertação de Cabinda (UNLC) and the Communist Committee of Cabinda. triangle and an inverted white 5-pointed star over the triangle. [23] In 2012, FLEC-FAC announced its readiness to declare a ceasefire and pursue a negotiated resolution to the conflict. Between November 1975 and January 4, 1976, the Cabinda exclave was invaded by soldiers of the People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola, the armed forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which was one of the dominant independence movements in Angola, supported by Cuban troops. Jorge Candeias, 04 March 1999, The Fischer Weltalmanach (1976) has a virtual independent Cabinda; A Bertelsmann Stiftung investigation covering the period between 2011 and 2013, indicated that systematic human rights violations have taken place, with journalists, civil rights activists and clergy members receiving harassment after being accused of supporting FLEC. [25], According to a Human Rights Watch report, the Angolan military and secret service have committed a number of human rights violations during the conflict. In 1988, the Communist Committee of Cabinda (CCC, Comité Comunista de Cabinda) left the FLEC, led by Kaya Mohamed Yay. Luís Ranque Franque was the president. was published the coat of arms of the so-called "Republic of Cabinda" and did some other factions ever use a blue/yellow/red flag and/or a Coat of Arms with Thanh-Tâm Lê, 04 March 1999, First question: I don't know, but I don't think so. And then held it as the other man in the photo I reported was interviewed by telephone by one of the Portuguese TV channels, and [1] Formerly under Portuguese administration, with the independence of Angola from Portugal in 1975, the territory became an exclave province of the newly independent Angola. in 1997, only with a lighter shade of blue and a more "standard" proportion, Enclave de Cabinda, Frente de Libertação do FLEC-FAC continues its struggle for independence both inside and outside Cabinda. Le Front de libération de l'Etat du Cabinda1,2,3,4 (en portugais Frente para a Libertação do Estado de Cabinda, en abrégé FLEC) est un mouvement indépendantiste armé fondé en 1963, actif au Cabinda, luttant pour l'indépendance de ce territoire contre l'occupation illégale de l'État angolais. 2 January 2003, Angolan troops captured two FLEC-Renovada officers and seized a large cache of weaponry and explosives. Jorge Candeias, 14 Mar 2001. The second photo clearly shows the star "inverted" 28 March 1998, FLEC-FAC militants attacked two civilian vehicles killing a single person. Jorge Candeias, 20 August 1998, This is the flag of "Forças Armadas de Cabinda", who have proclaimed The leader of the united group was Luís Ranque Franque, who refused to join other Angolan independence movements. president of FLEC, prime minister: Francisco Xavier Lubota) was proclaimed, 27 July 1979, 7 militants were killed in three separate incidents, as clashes took place in Pangamongo, Tando-Makuku, and Seva. The President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, claimed he wanted the Françafrique policy abolished. FLEC-N'Zita head of staff, Gabriel "Firefly" Pea was assassinated in, 20 December 2014, guerrillas ambushed an army vehicle in the outskirts of, 22 December 2014, a skirmish took place in. to the "enclave status". Local chiefs continued their attempts at cooperating with Portugal until the 1884 Berlin Conference and the 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco, following which the Cabindan enclave became a Portuguese protectorate. 17 November 2004, 53 FLEC-FAC rebels abandoned armed struggle and surrendered to the authorities of the Buco-Zau district.